Engrish

Topic Sentence
usually the first sentence of the paragraph
overview of paragraph

Ways in Developing Paragraph
Comparison/Contrast - similarities/differences
Analogy - similarities
Cause and Effect - reasons why something happened
Definition - describes
Example/Illustration - specific proof

Verbals/Verbal Phrases
Verbal - verb that does not function as a verb
Prepositional - links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence
Appositive - additional information, two commas
Participial - function as adjectives
Gerund - functions as a noun
Infinitive - to + "verb"

Dangling Participles
ambiguous
participle should be near the subject
*participle*, subject...
subject, participle, ...
...subject,participle

Parallelism
Two or more sentences are expressed similarly

Coordinate
And, but, or, nor
Compared/Contrasted
equal in rank: as, like
Correlative
not only...but also; neither...nor; either...or; both...and

Pronoun Cases
Nominative Case: (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who) - subject
Objective Case: (me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom) - direct or indirect object
Possessive Case: (my, mine, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, your, yours, whose) - possession


LITERATURE

Aeneid
national epic
Roman sense of duty and responsibility
7 years - Trojan Exiles
Latium - Central Italy
Aeneas married Lavinia

Trojans and Latins integrated
Romulus - founded Rome

Muse of poetry
Juno - Carthage - bribed Aeolus
Aeolus - storm
Neptune - angry - stopped storm
Venus - Aeneas' mother - angry at persecution
Ascanius - son of Aeneas
Mercury - message to Carthage - kind welcome for Aeneas

Sychaeus - prince of Tyre
Pygmalion - ruled tyrannically
Dido - Queen - generous
Cupid - seeds of love
Dido falls madly in love with Aeneas

Hunting expedition
downpour - cavern as shelter
consummate their love - *cough*
when Jupiter learned this, he sent Mercury
duty to Troy
when Dido heard, tearful frenzy
Cursed Aeneas - suicide


Stratagem of the Wooden Horse (Fall of Troy)
Aeneas - Queen Dido
Grecian chiefs - Pallas' help
Wooden horse - fir - sacred to Athena
offering to gods for the Greeks' safe return
Hymoetes - advised bringing it inside the city
Capys - burn or throw it into the sea - bore through it
Laocoon - do not trust the horse; threw spear at horse - attacked by sea snakes
Sinon - displeased Greeks
Ilium - home of godly people
Greeks went out of horse's belly; Troy was no more

Icarus and Daedalus
Ovid - aristocratic
education appropriate to status
Metamorphoses - changes - collection of poems
King Minos - Crete
Minotaur - labyrinth
Daedalus - master builder
Prince Theseus - killed Minotaur
Wings - flights
Samos - Juno's sacred island
Calymne - honey
Icarus - excited - flew upwards - sun melted wax
dead - wings on the waves

On the Theater
Marcus Tullius Cicero
politically ambitious - Rome's leading statesman; consul
Master Orator; Tireless writer

Venus Victrix - dedication
Marcus Marius
Satire - actors, wild animal hunts, elephant hunt



El Cid
battle with Moors
the Lord
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Exile - gossip from jealous peers
Cathedral of Sta Maria
Faith in God
Castille - hometown
Monastery of San Pedro de Cardena
Abbot Don Sancho
Dona Jimena - prayed for El Cid; his wife
50 marks
2 daughters and wife - left to abbot
Repast laid out for him
Castile - 115 inquired on his whereabouts


Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri
Florence - exiled to Ravenna
turmoil of 13th century
great love for Beatrice
Allegory of human soul and journey to Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory
Wretched souls
not hoped of death
debased lives
Great River
Charon - ferryman

Sonnet 307
Francesco Petrarch
Father of Italian Renaissance
Canzoniere - Laura
Bird flying
grieving for past - song
night, winter, day, summer
sad tune
comfort in bosom
weep together
death
talk about the past

Federigo's Falcon
Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron
100 prose tales
Federigo Alberighi
bravest and most courageous man in Tuscany
fell in love with Monna Giovanna
one of the fairest and grandest women
jousted, tilted, entertained, scattered largess
spent beyond his means
Monna didn't care
Reduced to poverty
falcon and estate at Campi - left with him
Monna's husband died - widow
child fell sick - wanted Federigo's Falcon
Monna visited Federigo
hospitable
deemed falcon as a dish meat
He fell weeping
only food worthy of Monna
magnanimity of host
Man without wealth than wealth without a man
They married



ROME
Eternal City to which all roads lead
Order - keynote of Roman World
Greeks - pattern for literature and culture
Creative efforts went into government
Roman conquests - literature rich in history
Speeches - politics highest form of art
Praised Roman glories and Italian countryside

Aeneid - Glorify the State

obedience to the call of duty
no pleasure and delight
business first
virtue over pleasure, all that mattered was duty
barren and palin thoughts

lyric poems show lighter side of roman character


Dark Ages
476 - 1000
Rome was overran; weakened
barbaric tribes
period of gloom
Middle Ages
5th - 15th century
epic literature - beginning of civilized European Literature
oral - life and civilization of a heroic age
romance
prose
poetry
chivalry, courtly love, magic, religion
lyric poetry - Francois Villon
morality, mystery, miracle play

Renaissance
14th - 15th century
literary and artistic movements changed
classical art and literature
Italy, France, Germany, England, Europe
rebirth of human spirit
Jules Michener - "discovery of world and man"
Shift in values - religous to materialism
Humanism - philosophical movement
emphasis on humanities - languages,literature, mathematics, history, ethics

Italian Heritage
fundamental individualism
humanists
led by Leonardo Bruli
Practical lessons
love of country
vernacular
standard form
Dante and Petrarch
Spotlight on individual
Sonnet and Drama
Petrarch - Italian Sonnet
courtly poems
Decameron
Giovanni Boccaccio
realistic detail and diversity


The Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods", is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. It is the best preserved of all Roman buildings, and perhaps the best preserved building of its age in the world. It has been in continuous use throughout its history. Although the identity of the Pantheon's primary architect remains uncertain, it is largely credited to Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Christian church.