Engrish

Topic Sentence
usually the first sentence of the paragraph
overview of paragraph

Ways in Developing Paragraph
Comparison/Contrast - similarities/differences
Analogy - similarities
Cause and Effect - reasons why something happened
Definition - describes
Example/Illustration - specific proof

Verbals/Verbal Phrases
Verbal - verb that does not function as a verb
Prepositional - links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence
Appositive - additional information, two commas
Participial - function as adjectives
Gerund - functions as a noun
Infinitive - to + "verb"

Dangling Participles
ambiguous
participle should be near the subject
*participle*, subject...
subject, participle, ...
...subject,participle

Parallelism
Two or more sentences are expressed similarly

Coordinate
And, but, or, nor
Compared/Contrasted
equal in rank: as, like
Correlative
not only...but also; neither...nor; either...or; both...and

Pronoun Cases
Nominative Case: (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who) - subject
Objective Case: (me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom) - direct or indirect object
Possessive Case: (my, mine, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, your, yours, whose) - possession


LITERATURE

Aeneid
national epic
Roman sense of duty and responsibility
7 years - Trojan Exiles
Latium - Central Italy
Aeneas married Lavinia

Trojans and Latins integrated
Romulus - founded Rome

Muse of poetry
Juno - Carthage - bribed Aeolus
Aeolus - storm
Neptune - angry - stopped storm
Venus - Aeneas' mother - angry at persecution
Ascanius - son of Aeneas
Mercury - message to Carthage - kind welcome for Aeneas

Sychaeus - prince of Tyre
Pygmalion - ruled tyrannically
Dido - Queen - generous
Cupid - seeds of love
Dido falls madly in love with Aeneas

Hunting expedition
downpour - cavern as shelter
consummate their love - *cough*
when Jupiter learned this, he sent Mercury
duty to Troy
when Dido heard, tearful frenzy
Cursed Aeneas - suicide


Stratagem of the Wooden Horse (Fall of Troy)
Aeneas - Queen Dido
Grecian chiefs - Pallas' help
Wooden horse - fir - sacred to Athena
offering to gods for the Greeks' safe return
Hymoetes - advised bringing it inside the city
Capys - burn or throw it into the sea - bore through it
Laocoon - do not trust the horse; threw spear at horse - attacked by sea snakes
Sinon - displeased Greeks
Ilium - home of godly people
Greeks went out of horse's belly; Troy was no more

Icarus and Daedalus
Ovid - aristocratic
education appropriate to status
Metamorphoses - changes - collection of poems
King Minos - Crete
Minotaur - labyrinth
Daedalus - master builder
Prince Theseus - killed Minotaur
Wings - flights
Samos - Juno's sacred island
Calymne - honey
Icarus - excited - flew upwards - sun melted wax
dead - wings on the waves

On the Theater
Marcus Tullius Cicero
politically ambitious - Rome's leading statesman; consul
Master Orator; Tireless writer

Venus Victrix - dedication
Marcus Marius
Satire - actors, wild animal hunts, elephant hunt



El Cid
battle with Moors
the Lord
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Exile - gossip from jealous peers
Cathedral of Sta Maria
Faith in God
Castille - hometown
Monastery of San Pedro de Cardena
Abbot Don Sancho
Dona Jimena - prayed for El Cid; his wife
50 marks
2 daughters and wife - left to abbot
Repast laid out for him
Castile - 115 inquired on his whereabouts


Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri
Florence - exiled to Ravenna
turmoil of 13th century
great love for Beatrice
Allegory of human soul and journey to Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory
Wretched souls
not hoped of death
debased lives
Great River
Charon - ferryman

Sonnet 307
Francesco Petrarch
Father of Italian Renaissance
Canzoniere - Laura
Bird flying
grieving for past - song
night, winter, day, summer
sad tune
comfort in bosom
weep together
death
talk about the past

Federigo's Falcon
Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron
100 prose tales
Federigo Alberighi
bravest and most courageous man in Tuscany
fell in love with Monna Giovanna
one of the fairest and grandest women
jousted, tilted, entertained, scattered largess
spent beyond his means
Monna didn't care
Reduced to poverty
falcon and estate at Campi - left with him
Monna's husband died - widow
child fell sick - wanted Federigo's Falcon
Monna visited Federigo
hospitable
deemed falcon as a dish meat
He fell weeping
only food worthy of Monna
magnanimity of host
Man without wealth than wealth without a man
They married



ROME
Eternal City to which all roads lead
Order - keynote of Roman World
Greeks - pattern for literature and culture
Creative efforts went into government
Roman conquests - literature rich in history
Speeches - politics highest form of art
Praised Roman glories and Italian countryside

Aeneid - Glorify the State

obedience to the call of duty
no pleasure and delight
business first
virtue over pleasure, all that mattered was duty
barren and palin thoughts

lyric poems show lighter side of roman character


Dark Ages
476 - 1000
Rome was overran; weakened
barbaric tribes
period of gloom
Middle Ages
5th - 15th century
epic literature - beginning of civilized European Literature
oral - life and civilization of a heroic age
romance
prose
poetry
chivalry, courtly love, magic, religion
lyric poetry - Francois Villon
morality, mystery, miracle play

Renaissance
14th - 15th century
literary and artistic movements changed
classical art and literature
Italy, France, Germany, England, Europe
rebirth of human spirit
Jules Michener - "discovery of world and man"
Shift in values - religous to materialism
Humanism - philosophical movement
emphasis on humanities - languages,literature, mathematics, history, ethics

Italian Heritage
fundamental individualism
humanists
led by Leonardo Bruli
Practical lessons
love of country
vernacular
standard form
Dante and Petrarch
Spotlight on individual
Sonnet and Drama
Petrarch - Italian Sonnet
courtly poems
Decameron
Giovanni Boccaccio
realistic detail and diversity


The Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods", is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. It is the best preserved of all Roman buildings, and perhaps the best preserved building of its age in the world. It has been in continuous use throughout its history. Although the identity of the Pantheon's primary architect remains uncertain, it is largely credited to Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Christian church.

SS Exam

Agriculture
Philippines - dominantly agricultural
climate and temperature - resources from Earth's bounty
Latin - "ager cultura" - cultivation of fields
production involving plant cultivation and raising animals (includes fisheries and forestry)
6000BC
foraging for food - move from place to place - nomads
Beginning of civilization - settlements
base for the development of societies
Provides:
food
raw materials
exports
employment
farming, fishing, mining
progressive agriculture can support other sectors
Half of Philippine land reserved for agriculture (30 million ha)
RICE AND CORN
no significant improvement in Philippine agricultural production
production falls - prices increase
Backward agriculture
plows, carabaos
modern agriculture - machinery and tractors
farming is still manual
Inadequate support services
Irrigation; farm to market roads
access to credit with minimal interest - USURY
subsidies
support for research
calamities
tenurial relations
flawed government programs
Globalization
GATT - general agreement on tariff and trade
WTO - world trade organization
FREE TRADE - borderless
removal of subsidies
QR - quantitative restrictions - all agricultural products
Marcos - Green Revolution
modernize agriculture
HYCs and HYVs - High Yielding Crops/Varieties
Masagana 99
Contract Growing arrangements
foreign companies pass work to small farmers
AFMA - Ramos
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
foreign participation
GM Crops - genetically spliced
Monsanto - BT Corn
Landlessness - landowners
kasama system - 50 to 90 % of crops go to landowner
Land Reform
Magsaysay - land distribution
Marcos - Tenant Emancipation Act
Aquino - CARL
Farmers - poverty

Industry and Labor
Agriculture, industry, services
industry - production beyond subsistence level
- level of integration of economic sectors
market - distribution
Industrial sector
mining, manufacturing, construction, utilities
30% of production
capacity to process and transform raw materials to create products
advance country's economy
Stages
Primary Products
Intermediate
Finished Products - consumer or capital goods
Utilization of agricultural products by manufacturing - forward and backward integration
Industrialized - less natural resources; high production of intermediate, capital, and consumer goods
Non-industrialized - rich in resources; low technology
Mining - extractive; Mining Act;
Manufacturing - largest share; create new products; downward trend
Construction - infrastructures;
Utilities - basic services
Characteristics
Petty production
medium-large scale
labor creates value of things
Potential labor force - 15-65 year olds
Labor force - seeking work, employed
labor force participation rate = total/potential
wage and salary workers - receive payment for work; private or public firms; government
own-account workers - self-employed; own businesses
unpaid family workers - assist relatives/parents
Underemployed - looking for additional source of living
visible - less than 40 hours a week
undertimed
invisible - more than 40 hours a week
cannot be seen
LFS - labor force survey
NSCB - national statistical coordination board
Problems:
Job scarcity - lack of jobs; unemployment
brain drain
Underemployment
Job Insecurity
LOC - labor-only contracting
agency supplies company with workers
contractualization
job sharing - 2 or 3 share 1 job
time/piece rating - paid according to hours/number of pieces
task system - particular quantity to be produced
Low wages
stagflation - unemployment, decrease of production, increase in prices

Services and the Informal Sector
Production, distribution, consumption
Wholesale and retail trade - distribution of goods
Transportation, communication, storage - warehouses, airlines, phone companies, etc
Finance, insurance, real estate, businesses - create money
financial intermediaries
banking - lending, payment, etc
insurance - sale of plans for future use; pre-need - eventualities
real estate - buying and selling land
Community, social, personal services - barbers, household help, etc
does NOT create new products by itself
Simon Kuznets
pre-industrial - agriculture
post-industrial - services
Portfolio investments - thrive on speculation
stocks and bonds
unproductive - no new products; does not create jobs; no transfer of technology in production
"low risk borrowers"
Call Centers - "sunshine industry"
Informal Sector
underground economy
unregistered with government
no taxes
statistical discrepancy in the GNP
half the labor force
severe poverty; lack of livelihood
INTENSE EXPLOITATION
Kalakalan 20
SSS

National Income
production indicators
Gross National Product
Gross Domestic Product
Economic activities - circular flow
national income - forms of value
nominal - current market prices
real - given base year
Price Index: year/base year x 100 gle
Money GNP= Price x Quantity
Real GNP=(MGNP/PI) X 100

Gross National Product - total value created by Filipinos
measure of country's output of final goods
with OFWs
Measuring:
EXPENDITURE APPROACH
C + I + G + (X-M) + NFIA
Consumption - final expenditures
Investments - addition to stock of capital goods (Gross Domestic Capital Formation)
Government - disbursements: projects and programs
Exports - Imports = Net income from international trade
Net Factor Income Abroad = transactions with rest of world (Investment incomes, earnings)
Income Approach - distributive shares approach
Wages+Profits+Rent+GovtIncome+(Export-Import)
Industrial
Agricultural+Industrial+Services
Gross Domestic Product
total production within geographical boundaries
foreign corporations
no OFWs
GDP = GNP-NFIA
Comparison of GNP and GDP
economic growth
GNP Per capita
level of industrialization
investments
NEDA - National Economic DEvelopment Authority

CL Pointers

Dissensions Within the Church
Diocletian - Divided Empire - East and West
Constantine - West - persecution ceased

Orthodox Church - Eastern
Right opinion
use of symbols/icons
Nicene Creed - presentation of chief doctrines
Western Church - Latin
Eastern Church - Greek
Justinian - strengthen Byzantine empire; unite Churches (failed)

Islam - submission
597 - Mohammed
"No God but Allah and Mohammed is His Prophet"
Abraham and Ishmael
Jesus - Great Prophet
Koran - Muslim Bible
Arabs - Firm root

Charles Martel - king of Franks - defeated Muslims
Pepin - Son of Charles Martel
strengthen Christianity in France
political power - Christian responsibility
Charlemagne - his son
crowned emperor
after his death, empire crumbled

Protestants
Martin Luther
Renaissance - rebirth
the just shall live by faith
indulgences - payment for forgiveness of sins
95 theses

Anglicans
Wiliam Tyndale - translated Bible to English
Henry VIII - divorce Catherine of Aragon - founded Anglican church

Presbyterians
John Calvin
Predestination
free from pope

Puritans
Queen Elizabeth
power of Bible
no need for Church or clergy
strict and narrow religion

Congregationalists - govern own church; worship as they please
Society of Friends/Quakers - "Light"
Methodists - method of living; lay preachers

Heresy - denial of Catholic truth
Apostasy - repudiation of faith
Schism - withdrawal of submission to Pope

prejudice - better than another
discrimination - against minority

ecumenism - promoting and restoring unity among Christians
partners in dialog; cooperation with Christian Churches, ecclesiastical communities
sin - dissension - unity affected (hatred, bickering, jealousy, envy, etc)


Mystical Body of Christ

vine - symbol of people of God (Church)
faith - man commits himself to God
submission of intellect and will
without faith, there is no justification
Faith - believing in God
(Catholic) Christian Faith - God reveals Christ (through Catholic church)
head - understanding the truth ( doctrine of faith)
hands - faithful obedience to God's will (commitment)
heart - filial trusting in the Lord (worship)

know, love and follow Christ to retell his story to ourselves
bear fruit - love as Jesus loved


A New People: A Witnessing Community

Apostles - believers
shared belongings
sold property
Went to the temple everyday, praised God.
Jesus - author of salvation; source of unity
Church - humanity can rediscover unity and salvation
qahal
ekkelesia
people of God called together
faith-conviction - God is ever-present source and ground for the Church - mystery and sacrament
sense of belonging and participation
community - signifies life of sharing and fellowship
breaking of bread - common daily meals and Eucharist
people of God - God's Kingdom on Earth
good news of salvation
limitless and salvific
Jesus dwells in each of them
witness - shows Christian way of life through actions, thoughts, and words


The Church: God's Kingdom on Earth

Lake of Galilee
Simon(Peter); Andrew
James & John - sons of Zebedee
Jesus - sent by God
Church - means and goal of God's plan
(Christian) ministry - serving (God's people)
doing something | for God's kingdom | in public | on behalf of Christian Community | empowered by faith | diversity of ministerial activities
evangelization and salvation
prophetic work of teaching
SANCTIFYING
12 apostles -foundation
visible society
Mass
Sacraments
Divine Office
congragation - group of Catholic members of a parish
contemplation - concentrating on God - effective prayer
encyclical - letter from the Pope
solidarity - unit or communion of interest

Enumeration:

Distinctions of the Church, According to Vatican II
saving force
sacrament
mystery
mission
communion
community
Chief Marks of the Catholic Church
Apostolicity
Catholicity
Holiness
Unity
Sorrowful Mysteries
Agony in the Garden
Scourging at the Pillar
Crowning of Thorns
Carrying of the Cross
Crucifixion

Different Roles in the Church
member of mandated organization
member and good follower of a church organization
organizer of social action activities
organizer of Basic Christian Community
facilitator in community sharing
leader in pro-life movement

Ways of becoming active members of a witnessing community
Uphold Christian Dignity
Participate in activities with God's people
Be a leaven in your community
Have special concern for the poor and needy among the members of the community

Hail Holy Queen


Saints


St. Peter Baptist
Spanish missionary - Manila & Laguna Area
Custos - superior of all Franciscans
Our Lady of Montecelli
Japan - friendly relations - spread Christianity
envy and jealousy - sentenced to death

Blessed Jeanne Jugan
French
"trotting sisters"
hospital
Little Sisters of the Poor
"I do it for You, my Jesus"

St. John of the Cross
Spanish
12 years old - serving the poor
Carmelites
"Be O Lord my Master fr you are my Model and Pattern"

St. John Chrysostom
practice what he preached
sins of the rich
"golden-mouthed"
See of Constantinople
exiled
"Glory to God for all things"

Bookkeeping Exam

Special Journal

    journals used by businesses

    numerous transactions

    similar types of transactions

    

Transaction:

    Sales Transaction            Sales Journal

    Purchase Transaction        Purchase Journal

    Receipt of Cash                Cash Receipt Journal

    Payment of Cash            Cash Payment Journal/Disbursement Journal

    

Advantages

    Less space

    Less time to journalize

    Less time to post

    Division of Work

    Details Minimized

    Computerization is feasible

    

Sales Journal

    record sales of merchandise

    sales book

    source document: sales invoice

    

Cash Receipts Journal

    record cash receipts

    on account; cash sales

    source document: official receipt

    examples: collection of charge, cash sales, miscellaneous

    

Purchase Journal

    record all purchases of merchandise ON ACCOUNT

    pre-numbered purchase order

    

Cash Payment Journal

    record all cash disbursements from all types of transactions

    source documents: cash voucher and check

    examples: payment of expenses, cash purchases, payments to creditor, withdrawals

 

Sales Journal

Date        SI #        Accounts Debited        PR        Accts Receivable        Sales

 

Cash Receipts Journal

Date        OR #        Accounts Credited        PR        Sundry Amount        Accounts Receivable        Cash Sales        Sales Discount        Cash

 

Purchase Journal

Date        PO #        Accounts Credited        PR        Purchases                    Accts Payable

 

Cash Receipts Journal

Date        Check #        Accounts Debited        PR        Sundry Amount        Accounts Payable        Cash Purchase        Purchase Discount        Cash

 

 

Subsidiary Ledger

    large number of customers

    accounts with similar nature

        Accounts Receivable Ledger - customer accounts

        Accounts Payable Ledger - creditor accounts

    

General Ledger

    balance sheet

    income statement

    

Controlling Account

    summarizes subsidiary ledger

    maintained in general ledger

 

    

Income Statement

    service business: revenue and expense sections

    merchandising: revenue, cost of good sold, expense sections

    

        Gross Sales - total contract price of all merchandise sold

        Sales Returns and Allowances - merchandise sold but returned

        Sales Discounts - discount

        Net Sales - Total Sales - (sales returns & allowances + sales discount)

        Cost of Good Sold - actual cost of merchandise

        Gross Profit on Sales - net sales - CGS

        Operating Expenses - selling & general

        Selling - direct or indirect with selling

        General - general operation

        Net Profit from Operations - Gross Profit - operating expenses

        Other Income/Expenses - other sources

        Net Income - Final Figure

english

Eng Long Test

LW 7, 8
Research Paper

Dark Ages
476 - 1000
Rome was overran; weakened
barbaric tribes
period of gloom
Middle Ages
5th - 15th century
epic literature - beginning of civilized European Literature
oral - life and civilization of a heroic age
romance
prose
poetry
chivalry, courtly love, magic, religion
lyric poetry - Francois Villon

Renaissance
14th - 15th century
literary and artistic movements changed
classical art and literature
Italy, France, Germany, England, Europe
rebirth of human spirit
Jules Michener - "discovery of world and man"
Shift in values - religous to materialism
Humanism - philosophical movement
emphasis on humanities - languages,literature, mathematics, history, ethics

El Cid
battle with Moors
the Lord
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Exile - gossip from jealous peers
Cathedral of Sta Maria
Faith in God
Castille - hometown
Monastery of San Pedro de Cardena
Abbot Don Sancho
Dona Jimena - prayed for El Cid; his wife
50 marks
2 daughters and wife - left to abbot
Repast laid out for him
Castile - 115 inquired on his whereabouts


Divine Comedy
Dante Aleghieri
Florence - exiled to Ravenna
turmoil of 13th century
great love for Beatrice
Allegory of human soul and journey to Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory
Wretched souls
not hoped of death
debased lives
Great River
Charon - ferryman

Sonnet 307
Francesco Petrarch
Father of Italian Renaissance
Canzoniere - Laura
Bird flying
grieving for past - song
night, winter, day, summer
sad tune
comfort in bosom
weep together
death
talk about the past

Federigo's Falcon
Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron
100 prose tales
Federigo Alberighi
bravest and most courageous man in Tuscany
fell in love with Monna Giovanna
one of the fairest and grandest women
jousted, tilted, entertained, scattered largess
spent beyond his means
Monna didn't care
Reduced to poverty
falcon and estate at Campi - left with him
Monna's husband died - widow
child fell sick - wanted Federigo's Falcon
Monna visited Federigo
hospitable
deemed falcon as a dish meat
He fell weeping
only food worthy of Monna
magnanimity of host
Man without wealth than wealth without a man
They married


Paragraph Development

example - gives examples

cause and effect - A cause and effect paragraph or essay examines or analyzes the reasons and consequences of something.

definition - The definition paragraph is a definition sentence which has been expanded into a paragraph. The definition sentence becomes the topic sentence. Each category is expanded into major supporting sentences, and minor supporting sentences are added.

analogy - This paragraph develops an idea by means of a comparison with a similar idea.

comparison and contrast - similarities and differences


Parallel Structures
-Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."

Words and Phrases
-gerund and infinitive

Clauses
-A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.

Lists after a colon
-Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.

Ligaw Liham

Sorry for the effed grammar. Mom made it eh. And I'm too busy to copyread

 

 

Characters

Karen – main character. Ronnie's wife

Ronnie – Karen's husband who worked in Saigon, Vietnam

Jingjing – Karen and Ronnie's daughter

Nor – crushed on Karen

Mando - mailman

Tatang – Nor's grandfather

Norma – had a son working in Manila

Tiyang – Tatang's sister; public school teacher

Nora – Nor and Mando's mother

Doris – querida of the mayor

Mayor

Setting: Small barrio surrounded by sugar cane plantations and mountains

 

The story revolves around the main characters, Karen, whose husband Ronnie went to Saigon to work, who has a daughter named Jingjing

The post office was closed temporarily by the mayor without knowledge of the people. Mando is the caretaker and mailman of the place He hides inside the office so that nobody will be able to get the letters. All the incoming letters are just kept and piled up inside.

Nor, Karen's neighbor, had a crush on the latter. He observes that Karen is always sad because she hasn't received any letters from her husband. She kept on going to the post office to check if she had any letters. Nor also took care of Tatang, his grandfather who fondly read newspapers.

Nor is sometimes requested by his tatang to go to his sister, which Nor calls Tiyang, who is a public school teacher to ask for money.

Nor goes to the post office to visit his brother Mando from time to time

The people in the barrio are all worried because they haven't received any letters from their loved ones for a long time

Since Nor wanted Karen to be happy, Mando suggested that Nor read the letters written by Ronnie which were kept in the post office and try to practice copying the handwriting. Every time Karen mails a letter for Ronnie, Nor answers them instead.

Nor was very happy and so was Karen as they kept on exchanging letters. But one day, the mayor's "Kalaguy" squealed to the media that the letters weren't delivered to the people

Karen later learned when she went to the post office wherein people were complaining about not receiving any mail. Thus Karen realized that the letters she received were not from her husband but from Nor. Karen informed Nor's mother about the incident

In the end, Karen received her letter from his husband informing her that he would be going home soon after 2 years. The other people who were previously worried got their letters as well.

Nor realized what he did and became ashamed of himself.